Agriculture is the most important sector in the supply of food products. Since farmers are using new technologies to produce more products, they cause harmful effects on the environment. In this regard, the important factor is the effect that environmental knowledge has on improving environmental behaviours of any person. Therefore, the present study was conducted to analyse factors affect wheat farmers' environmental knowledge. The statistical population of the research was 380 wheat farmers in the central district of Kohgiluyeh County which based on Morgan table, 181 farmers were selected as samples using random sampling. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through subject matter specialists. The Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0. 56 to 0. 83, indicating an appropriate reliability of the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS21 software. The findings of the research showed that wheat farmers do not have appropriate environmental knowledge. Variables including non-farm income, adherence to the custom, participation in educational-extensional courses, membership, wheat cultivation experience and education were the most important determinants of their environmental knowledge.

This paper investigates the relationship between environmental knowledge- both Systematic knowledge and action related knowledge- and energy consumption behavior in Urmia as an environmental. Scholars on environmental studies like Borden and Schettino (1979), Schahn and Holzer (1990), Kaiser et.al.(1999), and Bayard and Joley (2006) believe that there is an association between environmental knowledge and environmental significant behaviors. This research hypothesizes that there is a positive relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental behavior, and survey method is applied with cluster sampling method to choose the samples. The overall results show that there was no significant relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental significant behavior. The probable reasons of this controversial result are discussed thoroughly and several suggestions are put forward for further studies.

The evolution of human knowledge is not only a discussion related to social contexts after the Islamic Revolution, but also in all civilizational interactions between the West and the East and, more importantly, scientific interactions between believers and scientists throughout history. The subject of the present article is that different approaches in the sociology of knowledge and philosophy of science have spoken about the possibility of change in knowledge, the link between faith and knowledge, the position of reason and revelation, ways of acquiring and producing knowledge. , Sought to project knowledge committed to non-Western and Islamic presuppositions and always accused of claiming science management from an unscientific and even political point of view. The purpose of this article is to critically re-examine the issues of the evolution of human knowledge, to examine the possibility of such a change in knowledge. The method used in this article is a theoretical approach and qualitative content analysis with a critical approach. The results indicate that the change in human knowledge has different meanings that have been explored in the critical study of the views of believers and critics and the theoretical and practical possibility of this change to the historical and social contexts of science and religion and the performance of the revolutionary movement in Iran Has been criticized.

This paper consists of third part. In the first part talk about the history of writing, contents and interpretations of Bhagavad Gita. In this part is attempted to introduce a short explanation of the way of interpretation of Gita interpreters about knowledge and its relation with action. In the second part discuss the history and background of the knowledge. In this part talk about the importance of knowledge eschatology in the most religions except Carvaka and say that knowledge is the way that liberate the human from slavery and emancipate it to ultimate salvation. In the third part of this paper talk about what is knowledge , knowledge according to Gunas , and the picture of knowledge in Gita and its relation with action. in this part introduce two picture of knowledge: 1.True knowledge that based on intuition and can help the human towards God. This kind of knowledge is merit to know and human can through it distinguish the difference between porousha and prakriti. this kind of knowledge obtains through modesty and service to others. And related with Yoga wisdom. 2.Exoteric knowledge that based on hesitation and doubt. This kind of knowledge has benefit not in this world, and the other world. Those man that have this kind of knowledge are confused in narrow of wanderings thought and repeat the exoteric words. And just are busy to words of Vedas. This group don’t destroy the blaze of selfishness and always are in suffering. in the present paper after the study of the history of discussion and characteristics of the every knowledge is attempted to answer to the basic questions about what is knowledge , true knowledge and its relation with action.

Introduction: Effective plaque removal is an important factor in the long-term clinical success of dental implants. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of a powered toothbrush (Power Cross-Action) and a manual toothbrush (Cross-Action) in the control of plaque and soft tissue inflammation around implants supporting mandibular overdentures.Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-over clinical trial. The subjects included 10 edentulous subjects, aged 47-73 years, with removable mandibular overdentures supported by 2 unsplinted implants, all the subjects wore maxillary complete dentures. The study consisted of two 4-week phases separated by a 2-week interval. In each phase each subject randomly used one toothbrush type. Two days prior to each phase, the implants were polished. Plaque and bleeding indices were recorded before and after brushing. Data was analyzed by t-test using SPSS software (a=0.05).Results: Both toothbrushes reduced the indices under study. Means of plaque index decreases were 0.5 in manual toothbrush and 0.44 in powered toothbrush. Means of bleeding index decreases were 0.27 in manual toothbrush and 0.3 in powered toothbrush. There were no statistically significant differences between the two toothbrush types in changing plaque index (p value=0.88) and bleeding index (p value=0.91).Conclusion: Both toothbrushes were efficient in plaque control around implants which supported mandibular overdentures and there was no difference between them. Patients can use one of these toothbrushes depending on personal preference and comfort.